Process for breaking petroleum emulsions employing certain oxyalkylated polyepoxide-treated amine- modified thermoplastic phenol-aldehyde resins



PRocEss non BREAKKNG PETROLEU EMUL- sroNs EMPLOYING CERTAIN OXYALKYLATED PoLYEPoxrnE TREATED AMlNE MODIFIED THERMOPLASTIC PHENOL-ALDEHYDE RESINS Melvin De Groote, University City, and Kwan-Ting Shen, Brentwood, Mo assignors to Petrolite Corporation, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application June 26,1953, Serial No. 364,502

20 Claims. (Cl. 252338) The present invention is a continuation-in-part of our co-pe'nding application Serial No. 338,574, filed February 24, 1 953,

Our invention provides an economical and rapid proc ess for resolving petroleum emulsions of the water-inoil type that are commonly referred to as cut oil, 'roily' oil, emulsified oil, etc., and which comprise fine droplets of naturally-occurring waters or brines dispersed in a more or' less permanent state throughout the oil which constitutes the continuous phase of the emulsion'.

It also provides an economical and rapid process for separatin emulsions which have been prepared under controlled conditions from mineral oil, such as crude oil and relatively soft Waters or weak brine's. Controlled emulsification and subsequent demulsification under the 30 conditions just mentioned are of significant value in removing impurities, particularly inorganic salts, from pipeline oil.

The present-invention is concerned with the breaking ofemulsions of the water-in-oil type by subjecting them to the action of products obtained by a three-step manufacturing. process involving (I) Condensing certain phenol aldehyde resins, hereina'fter described in detail, with certain basic hydroxyl ated secondary monoamines, hereinafter described in detail, and formaldehyde; (2) oxyalkylatio'n" of the condensation product with certain phenolic polyepoxides, hereinafter described in detail; and (3) oxyalkylation of the previously oxyalkylated resin condensate with cer.

and

(2) Cogenerically' associated compounds formed in the preparation of (1) preceding,

with the provisio that it consists principally of them'onomer as distinguished from other cogeners. v

Not withstanding the fact that subsequent date will be presented in considerable detail, yet the description be- 2,771,426 Patented Nov. 20, 1956 ice comes somewhat involved and certain facts should be kept in mind. The epoxides, and particularly the di epoxides may have no connecting bridge between the phenolic nuclei as in. the case of a diphenyl derivative 5 or may have a variety of connecting bridges, i. e., di= valent linking radicals. Our preference is that either diphenyl compounds be employed or else compounds Where the divalent link is obtained by the removal of a carbonyl oxygen atom as derived from a ketone or aldehyde.

If it were not for the expense involved in preparing and. purifying the monomer we would prefer it to any other form, i. e., in preference to the polymer of mixture of polymer and monomer.

Stated: another way, we would prefer to use materials of the kind described, for example, in U. S. Patent No. 2,530,353,. dated November 14, 1950. Said patent describes compounds having the general. formula wherein R isan aliphatic hydrocarbon bridge, each n independently has one of the values 0 and 1, and X is analkyl radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

The compounds having two oxirane rings and employed for combinati'cn'with the" reactive amine-modified phenol al'dehyde resin condensatesas herein described are characterized: by the following formula and cogeneri- Cally associated compounds formed in their preparation:

in which R represents a divalent radical selected from the class of ketone residues formed by the elimination of the ketonic' oxygen atom and aldehyde residues obtained by the elimination of the aldehydic oxygen atom, 40 the divalent radical the divalent- I] Q radical, the divalent sulfone radical, and the divalent monosulfide radical -'-S, the divalent radical 5 -CH2SCH2 and the divalent disulfide' radical -SS-; and R10 is the divalent radical obtained by the elimination of a hydroxyl hydrogen atom and a nuclear hydrogen atom from the phenol in-which R, R", and R represent hydrogen and hydrocarbon' substituents of the aromatic nucleus, said substitue'ntmember having not over 18 carbon atoms; n represents an integer including zero and 1 and n represent a whole number not greater than 3. The above mentioned compounds and those cogenerically associated compounds formed in their preparation are thermoplastic and organic solvent-soluble. Reference to being thermoplastic characterizes products as being liquids at ordinary temperature or readily convertible to liquids by merely heating below the point of pyrolysis and thus diflerentiates them from infusible resins. Reference to 5 to 20 times their weight of 5% gluconic acid atordibeing soluble in an organic solvent means any of the nary temperature and show at least some tendency towards usualorganic solvents, such as alcohols, ketones, esters, being self-disp rsi g h solvent Whleh is generally cthers, mixed solvents, etc. Reference to solubility is ried is xylene. If xylene alone does not serve them a merely to differeniate from a reactant which is not sol- 5 mixture of xylene and methanol, for instance, 80 parts uble and might be not only insoluble but also infusible. f Xylene and 20 Parts Of methanol, 70 Parts of Xylene Furthermore, solubility is a factor insofar that it is someand 30 Patts of methanol, can he usedsometimes it is times desirable to dilute the compound containing the sir le o add a ll amount f acetone to the y n epoxy rings before reacting ith the amine resin o methanol mixture, for instance, 5% to of acetone. densate. In such instances, of course, the solvent se- 10 A m r minati n f the nature f the pr du ts belected would have to be one which is'not susceptible to fore and after treatment With the P Y P reveals oxyalkylation, as, for example, kerosense, benzene, tolthat the P Y P y and large intlloduues increased uene, dioxane, various ketones, chlorinated solvents, dihydfophohe Character inversely, Causes a decrease in butyl ether, dihexyl ether, ethyleneglycol diethylether, Y' P eharaetef- However, the solubility characdiethyleneglycol diethylether, and dimethoxytetraethylteflstles 0f the final P the Product Obtained eneglycol. by oxyalkylation of a monoepoxide, may vary all over The expression epoxy i t usually li it d t th the map. This is perfectly understandable because ethyl- 1,2-epoxy ring, Th 1,2- o ring i o ti ene oxide, glycide, and to a lesser extent methyl glycide, ferred to as the oxirane ring to distinguish it from other introduce Predominantly Y P character, p p epoxy rings, H i ft th d unless i diene oxide and more especially butylene oxide, introduce cated otherwise, will be used to mean the oxiranering, Primarily hYdYOPhObe chafactell A mixture of the i, e the 1,2-e i F th where a ious oxides will produce a balancing in solubility charpound has tw o o oxirane rings h il b acteristics or in the hydrophile-hydrophobe character so ferred to as polyepoxides. They usually represent, of as to be about same as Prior to oxyalkylation with course, 1,2-epoxide rings or oxirane rings in the alphathe mouoepoxldeomega position. This is a departure, of course, from As as the use of the described Products goes. the standpoint of strictly formal nomenclature as in the for P p of resolution 0f Petroleum emulsions f the example of the simplest diepoxide which contains atleast water-lh-oll type, We Particularly Prefer to use those 4 carbon atom and i formally d ib d as 13. which as such or in the form of the free base or hydrate, 3,4-epoxybutane ,z 3,4- i i. e., combination with water or particularly in the form Having obtained a reactant having generally 2 epoxy of a 10W molal organic acid salt such as the gluconates rings as depicted in the last formula preceding, or low or the acetate or Y Y acetate, have sufilelehtly y molal polymer th of, it becomes b i h reaction phile character to at least meet the test set forth in U. S.

can take place with any amine-modified phenol-aldehyde Patent 2,499,368, dated March 1950, to De GIOOte resin by virtue of the fact that there are always present et In said Pateut such test for emulslficatloh using a reactive hydroxyl groups which are part f the phenolic water-insoluble solvent, generally xylene, is described nuclei and there may be present reactive hydrogen atoms an index of surface activityh d to a nitrogen atom, or an oxygen atom d In the present instance the vaiious oxyalkylated coning on the presence f a hydroxylated group or seconddensation products as such or in the form of the free my amino group base or in the form of the acetate, may not necessarily To illustrate the products which represent the subject be xylene'soluble although they are in many instances matter of the present invention reference will be made I such compounds are not Xylene-soluble the Obvious to a reaction involving a mole of the oxyalkylating agent, chemical equivalent or equivalent chemical test can be i. e., the compound having 2 oxirane rings and an amine made by simply using some Suitable solvent Preferably condensate. Proceeding with the example previously dea water-soluble solvent such as ethylene glycol y scribed it is obvious the reaction ratio of 2 moles of the ether, (110W molal aleehol, a mixture to dissolve the amine condensate to one mole of the oxyalkylating agent pp p Product being examined and then mix with gives a product which may be indicated as follows: the equal weight of xylene, followed by addition of water.

(condensate) (condensate) in which the various characters have their previous sig- Such test is obviously the same for the reason that there nificance and the characterization condensate is simwill be two phases on vigorous shaking and surface acply an abbrev ation for the condensate which is described tivity makes its presence manifest. It is understood the in greater detail subsequently. reference in the hereto appended claim as to the use of Such intermediate product in turn also must be soluble xylene in the emulsification test includes such obvious but solubility is not limited to an organic solvent but variant. may include water, or for that matter, a solution of For purpose of convenience what is said hereinafter water containing an acid such as hydrochloric acid, acetic will be divided into nine parts with Part 3, in turn, being acid, hydroxyacetic acid, etc. In other words, the nitrodivided into three subdivisions: gen groups present, whether two or more, may or may Part 1 is concerned with our preference in regard to not be significantly basic and it is immaterial whether the polyepoxide and particularly the diepoxide reactant; aqueous solubility represents an anhydro base or the free Part 2 is concerned with certain theoretical aspects of base (combination with Water) or a salt form which as diepoxide preparation; the acetate, chloride, etc. The purpose in this instance Part 3, Subdivision A, is concerned with the preparais to differentiate from insoluble resinous materials, partion of monomeric diepoxides, including Table I; ticularly those resulting from gelation or cross-linking. Part 3, Subdivision B, is concerned with the prepara- Not only does this property serve to differentiate from tion of low molal polymeric epoxides or mixtures coninstances where an insoluble material is desired, but also taining low molal polymeric epoxides as well as the serves to emphasize the fact that in many instances the monomer and includes T able II; t I preferred compounds have distinct water-solubility or are Part 3, Subdivision C, is concerned with miscellaneous distinctly dispersible in 5% gluconic acid. For instance, phenolic reactants suitable for diepoxide preparation;

the products freed from any solvent can be shaken. with Part 4 is concerned with the phenol-aldehyde resin g which is subjected to.- modification by condensation re action to yield the amine-modified resin;

Part is concerned with appropriate basic hydroxylated secondary amines whichmay be employed in the preparation of the herein-described amine-modified resins;

Part 6 is concerned: with. reactions involving the resin, the amine, and formaldehyde-to produce. specificproducts or compounds which are then subjected to reaction with polyepoxides;

Part 7 isconcerned with the reactionsinvolvingthe two preceding types of materials and examples obtained by such reaction. Generally speaking, this involves nothing more than a reaction between 2 molesof a previously prepared amine-modified phenol-aldehyde resin condensate as described, andone mole of apolyepoxide so as to yield av new and larger resin. molecule, or comparable product;

Part: 8 is concerned. with theuse of a monoepoxide in oxyalkylating the productsdescribed in Part 7 preceding, i. C2, those derived by means of reactionv between a polyepoxide and an amine-modified.phenol-aldehyde resin as described;

Part 9 is concerned with the resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oii type by means-of the previously described chemical compoundsor reaction products.

PART 1 As will be pointed out subsequently;.the preparation: of polyepoxides may include the formation of a small amount of material having more than two. epoxide groups per molecule. If such compounds are formed they are perfectly suitable except to the extent they may tend to produce ultimate reaction products which are not solventsoluble liquids or low-meltingsolids: Indeed, they tend to-forrn-thermosetting resins or insoluble materials- Thus, thespecific objective by and large is to-produce diepoxides as free as possible from any monoepoxides and as free as possiblefrom polyepoxides in which there are more: than twoepoxide groups per molecule. Thus, for practical purposes what is said hereinafter is largely limited to polyepoxidesin. the form of diepoxides.

Asv has. been pointed out previously one of the'reactants-employed is a diepoxide reactant. It is generally obtained fromphenol (hydroxybenzene) or substituted-phenol- The ordinary or conventional manufacture of the epoxides usually results in the formation of. a co-generic mixture as explained subsequently. Preparation: of. the monomer or separation of the monomer fromthe remaining mass of the co-generic mixture is usually expensive. If monomers were available commercially at a low cost, or if they could be prepared without added expense for separation, our preference would be to use' the'm'onomer. Gertain monomer-s have been prepared and described in the literature and will be referred to subsequently. However, from a practical standpoint one must weigh the advantage, if any, that the monomer has over other low molal polymers from a cost standpoint; thus, we have found that one might as well attempt to prepare a monomer and fully recognize that there may be present, and probably invariably are present, other low molal polymers in comparatively small amounts. Thus, the materials which are most apt to be used for practical. reasons are either monomers with some small amounts of polymers present or mixtures which have a substantial amount of polymers present. Indeed, the mixture can be prepared free from monomers and still be satisfactory. Briefly, then,. our preference is to use the monomer or the monomer with the minimum. amount of higher polymers.

It has beenpointed out previously that the phenolic nuclei in the epoxide reactant may be directly united;.or united through a variety of divalent radicals. Actually, it is. our preference to. use those which are commercially available and for most practical purposes it means instances where the phenolic nucleiare either united direct- I'y without any intervening linking radical, or else united 6 by aketone. residue. or'formaldehyde residue. The corhmercial bis-phenols available now in the open market illustrate one class. The diphenyl derivatives illustrate a second class, and the materials obtained by reacting substituted monofunctional phenols with an aldehyde-illustrate the third class. All the various known classes may be used but our preference rests with thesev classes due to their availability and ease of. preparation, and also due to the fact that. the cost is lower than in other examples.

Although the diepo'xide reactants can" be produced in more than one way; as pointed out elsewhere; our preference is to produce them by'means' of the epichlbrohydrin reaction referred to in detail subsequently.

O'ne epoxide'wliich=can bepurchase'd in the open market and contains only a modest amount of polymers corresponds to the derivative ofbis-phenol A. It can be used as such, or the monomer can be separated by an added step which involves'additiona'l expense; Thiscompou'nd of the following" structure isprefrre'd as the" epoxide re actant and will be used for illustration repeatedly with the full understanding that any of the other epoxides described are equally satisfactory, ortliaf the hi'gherpoly mers are satisfactory, or that mixtures of the monomer and higher polymers are satisfactory. The formula for this compound is Reference has just been made to bis-phenol A and a suitable: epoxi'de derived therefrom. Bis-phenol A is dihydroxy-diphenyldimethyL methane, wit-h the: 4,4. isomers predominating: and with lesser quantities-of the 2,2 and 4,2. isomers being present. It isimmaterial which one of these isomers is used: and the'commercially' avail able mixture isentirely satisfactory.

Attention is again directedto: the fact that in"-,the in'- stant part, to wit,. Part 1-, andv in succeeding. parts,.the" textis concerned almost entirely with epoxidesin which there is no bridging,v radical or the bridging radical is derived froman aldehyde or: a ketone. It would be immaterial if the divalent linking radical would: be: derived from the other groups illustrated for the reason. that nothing: more than mere: substitution of one compound for the other would be required; Thus, what is said hereinafter, although directed to. one classor a. few classes, applies with equal: force and effect to" the other classes of. epoxide reactants.

If sulfur-containing. compounds are prepared they should be freed from impurities with considerable care for the reason that any time that a low-molal sulfurcontaining compound. can react with epichlorohydrin there may be formed a by-product in which the chlorine happened to be particularly reactive and may represent a product, or a mixture of products, which would be unusually toxic, even though in comparatively small concentration.

PART 2 The polyepoxides and particularly the die'poxides' can be derived by more than one method as, for example, the use of epichlorohydrin' or glycerol dichloro'hydrin; If a product such as bis-phenol A is employed the ultimate compound in monomeric form employed as a reactant in the present invention has the following structure:

Treatment with epichlorohydrin, for example, does not yield this product initially but there is an intermediate produced which can be indicated .by the following Structurez Y H, t

H H H H H H Hc-oooC oC 0--oooHv (L H I ,H I 01 H CH3 H 01 Treatment with alkali, of course, formsthe epoxy ring. A number of problems are involved in attemptingtto produce this compound free from cogeneric materials of related composition. The difiiculty stems from a number of sources and a few of the more important ones are as follows:

(1) The closing of theepoxy ring involves the use of caustic soda or the like which, in turn, 'is an effective catalyst in causing the ringto open in an oxyalkylation reaction.

- Actually, what may happen for any one of a number of reasons is thatone obtains a product in which there is only one epoxide ring and there may, as a matter of fact, be more than one hydroxyl radical as illustrated by the following compounds:

OH: H H H H H H (2) Even if one starts with thereactants in the preferred ratio, to wit, two parts of epichlorohydrin to one part of bis-phenol A, they do not necessarily so react and as a result one may obtain products in which more than two epichlorohydrin residues become attached to a single bis-phenol A nucleus 'by virtue of the reactive hydroxyls present which enter into oxyalkylation reactions rather than ring closure reactions.

(3) As is well known, ethylene oxide in the presence of alkali, and for that matter in the complete absence of water, forms cyclic polymers. Indeed, ethylene oxide can produce a solid polymer. This same reaction can, and at times apparently does, take place in connection with compounds having one, or in the present instance, two substituted oxirane rings, i. e., substituted 1,2 epoxy rings. Thus, in many ways it is easier to produce a polymer, particularly a mixture of the monomer, dimer and trimer, than it is to produce the monomer alone.

having one chlorine atom and one hydroxyl group, or else two hydroxyl groups, or an unreacted phenolic ring.

(5) Some reference has beenrnade to the presence of a chlorine atom and although all effort is directed towards the elimination of any chlorine-containing mole-' cule yet it is apparent that this is often an ideal approach rather than a practical possibility. Indeed, the same sort of reactants are sometimes employed to obtain products in which intentionally there is both an epoxide group and a chlorine atom present. See U. S. Patent No. 2,581,464, dated January 8, 1952, to Zech.

What has been said in regard to the theoretical aspect is, of course, closely related to the actual method of preparation which is discussed in greater detail in Part 3, particularly sub-divisions A, and B. There can bend clear line between the theoretical aspect and actual preparative steps. However, in order to summarize or illustrate what has been said in Part 1, immediatelypreceding reference will be made to a typical example which already has been employed for purpose of illustration. The particular example is .25 a a 0 2.60 a a a. H I H It is obvious that two moles of such material combine readily with one mole of bis-phenol A,

to produce the product which is one step furtheralong, at least, towards polymerization. In other words, one

prior example shows the reaction product obtained from one mole of the bis-phenol A and two moles of epichlorohydrin. This product in turn would represent three gnoles of bis-phenol A and four moles of epichlorohyrin.

For purpose of brevity, without going any further, the next formula is in essence one which, perhaps in an idealized Way, establishes the composition of resinous products available under the name of Epon Resins as now sold in the open market. See, also, chemical pamphlet entitled Epon Surface-Coating Resins, Shell Chemical Corporation, New York city. The word Epon is a registered trademark of the Shell Chemical Corporation.

(4) As has been pointed out previously, monoepoxides may be present and, indeed, are almost invariably and inevitably present when one attempts to produce polyepoxides, and particularly diepoxides. The reason is the one which has been indicated previously, together with the fact that in the ordinary course of reaction a diepoxide, such as For the purpose of the instant invention, n may represent a number including zero, and at the most a low number such as l, 2 or 3. This limitation does not exist in actual efforts to obtain resins as differentiated from the herein described soluble materials. It is quite probable that in the resinous products as marketed for coating use the value of n is usually substantially higher. Note again what has been said previously that any formula is, at, best, an over-simplification, or at the most represents perhaps only the more important or principal constituent or constituents. These materials may vary from simple non-resinous to complex resinous epoxides which are polyether derivatives of polyhydricphenols containing an average of more than one epoxide group per molecule and free from functional groups other than epoxide and hydroxyl groups.

Referring now to what has been said previously, to wit, compounds having both an epoxy ring or the equiva a lent and also a hydroxyl group, one need go no further than to consider the reaction product of epoxy ring and two reactive hydroxyl radicals. Re-

ferring again to a previousformula, consider an example 10 in which R, R", and R'" represent a memberot" the where two moles of bisp'lteno'l A have been reacted: with 3 moles of epichlorohydr-im The.v simplest. compound formed would be thus:

in which the; various characters have their prior sig-' nificance and in which R10 is thgdivalentradical obtained b.y-'-'theelimination" ofi' athydroxyl. hydrogen. atom and a nuclear hydrogen atom from the' phenol class consisting 06 hydrogen and hydrocarhon substituents of the aromatic nucleus, said substituent member; having not over 18 carbon atoms; n represents an integer se- Such a compound is comparable to other compounds: having both the hydroxyl and epoxy ring such as 9,10- epoxy octadecanol. The ease with which this type of compound polymerizes is pointed out by U. S. Patent.

No. 2,457,329, dated December 28, 1948, to Swern et al.

The same difliculty which involves the tendency to: polymerize on the part of compounds having a reactive: ring and a hydroxyl radical may be illustrated by comlected from the class of zero and 1, and n represents a a whole numbernot greater than 3.

PART 3 Subdivision A The preparations of the diepoxy derivatives of the diphenols, which-are sometimes referred.tmasldiglycidyl ethers, have beentdescribed in a number of patents. For

pounds where, instead of the oxirane ring (IQ-epoxy COHVCIllGIICC, reference Will be made to tWO Only,L to wit,

ring) there is present a 1,3-epoxy ring. Such compounds. are derivatives of trimethylene oxide rather than ethyleneoxide. See U. S. Patents Nos. 2,462,047 and 2,462,048, both dated February 15, 1949, to Wyler.

aforementionedU. S. Patent 2,506,486, and aforementioned U-. S. Patent No. 2,530,353...

Purely by way, of illustration, the following diexpoxides, or diglycidyl ethers; as they are sometimes termed,

At the expense of repetition of what appeared pre are included for-purposemf illustration. These particuviously, it may be well to recall that these materials may vary from simple soluble non-resinous to complex nonlar compounds, are descrihedinthevtwozpatents-just mentioned.

TABLE I Ex-- Patent;

ample" Dlpheuol: Dlglycidyll ether refernumber ence CH2(CaH4OH)z Dl(epoxypropoxyphenyl)methane 2, 506, .486 OH=OH(C@H4OH) Di(epOxypropoxyphenyl)methylmethane.. 2, 506, 486 (CH3)2C(C5H4OH)L Dl(epoxypropoxyphenyl)dimethylrnethane 2, 506, 486 CgH5C(CH3)(CoH4OH)L D1(epoxypropoxyphenyl)ethylmethylmethane 2, 506, 486 (02E5 20(O6H4O 2 Dl(ep0xypropoxyphenyl)diethylmethane 2, 506, 486 E; (0 11 (C6H4OH)2 Dl(epoxypropoxyphenyl)methylpropylmethane. 2, 506, 486 OH3C(C5H5)(OH4OH L. Dl(epoxypropoxyphenyl)methylphenylmethane. 2, 506, 486 CzHsCXCaHs) (CdZhOHh. D1(epoxypropoxypheny1)ethylphenylmethane. 2, 506, 486 0 1310 (OsHs) (C5H4OH.)2.. (ep onypropoxyphenyl)propylphenylmethuna 2, 506,486 O4H9O(O0H5)(GH4OH). D1(epoxypropoxyphenybbuty phenylmethane. 2, 506, 486 (CH3CJH4)CH(GOH4OH)2 Dlepoxypropoxyphenyl)tolylmethane 2, 506, 486 (CH C HQOGJHa)(C H4OH) Di epoxypropoxyphenyl)tolylmethylrnethane 2, 506, 486 Dihydroxy diphenyl S44-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)diphenyli.; .o.:...fi; 2, 530, 35! (0H )C(G H C H OH)1 2,2-bis(4-(2,3-epoxypropbxy) 2-tertiarybutyl phenyl))propane 2, 530, 353

soluble resinous epoxides which are polyether derivatives, Subdivision B or for greater simplicity the formula could be restated thus:

As; to the preparation ofi low-molalpolymericepoxides or mixtures reference is made to numerous patents and particularly the. aforementioned U. 8.. Patents Nos. 2,575,558 and 2,582,985.

In light of aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,575,558, the following examples can be specified by reference tothe formula therein provided: one stil1 bears. in mind it is in essence an overrsimplification;

TABLE n v H Example --Rr0 from HR10H --R-- n 'n' Remarks number B1;.. Hydroxy benzenenur CH3 1 0,1,2 Phenol known as bis-phenol A. Low r. I polymeric mixture about or more --0 where n=0, remainder largely where n'=1, some where n=2.

B2 ..do CH; 1 0, 1, 2 Phenol known as bls-phenolB. See note (I; regarding B1 above.

I $Hr CH:

B3 Orthobutylphenol CH, 1 0,1, 2 Even though 11 is preferably 0, yet the usual reaction product mi ht well con- C- tain materials where 'n' s 1, or to a I lesser degree 2. OH:

B Orthoamylphenol CH; 1 0, 1, 2 Do.

m orthooctylphenolrun- 111. 1 0,1,2 Do.

.c v I V Hl Be Orthononylphenol- (IJH; 1 0, 1,2 Do.

2 I I I CH1 7 B7. Orthododecylphenol -2 (3H3 1 0,1,2 Do.

B8 Metacresol CH; 1 0,1, 2 See prior note. This phenol used as initial material is known as bis-phenol C C. For other suitable bis-phenols see I U. S. Patent 2,564,191. CH:

B9 d0 (IJH 1 '0, l, 2 See prior note.

1310 Dibutyl (ortho-para) phenol. 13 1 0, 1, 2 Do.

.. H I 7 Eli Diamyl (ortho-para) phenol. g 1 0,1,2 Do.

B12 Dioctyl (orthopara) phenol. 1g 1 0,1,2 .Do. 11

B13 Dlnonyl (ortho-para) phenol. g 1 0,1,2 Do.

1314;; Diamyl (ortho-para) phenol. 7 1g 0, 1,2 Do.

B15- d0 g 1 0,1,2 Do.

| C2 0 I 1316...-.. Hydroxy benzene H (I) I 0, 1,2 Do.

B17 Diarnyl phenol (ortho-para) 'S'S' 1 0,1,2 Do.

1318 do -s- 1 0,1,2 Do.

B19 Dibntyl phenol (ortho-para). let 1% 1 0, 1,2 Do.

E'irampl R1'O from HRiOH -R n n Remarks number 1320--.... Dibutyl phenol '(ortho-para). g 1 0,1,2 Se'e prior-note.

B21 Dinonylphenol(ortho-para). 1 0,1,2 Do.

322.-.--. Hydroxybenzene 1 0,1,2 Do.

B23" "N 0 0,1, 2 Do.

32km" 0rtho isopropyl phenol= 6H; 1 0, 1, 2 See prior nqte. As to preparation of 4,4' isopropyhdene bis-tz-isopropylphenol) see U; 8'. Patent No..2,482;748, datedi Sept. 27, 1949, to Dietzler. CH:

B'. Para octyl phenol 'CHTSCH5 1 0,1,2 See prior note. (As to preparation of the.

phenol sulfide see U. S. Patent No; 2,488,134, dated Nov. 15, 1949, to Mikeska et al.)

326...... Hydroxybenzene OH; 1 0, 1, 2 See prior note. (As to preparation of the phenol sulfide see U. S. Patent No. 2,526,545.)

iHa' 62 1s- Subdivision C The prior examples have been limited'largely to those in which there. is no divalent linkingj radical, as in the case of diphenylcompounds, or where the linkingradical is derived from aketone or aldehyde, particularly a-ketone. Needless to say, the same procedure is employed in converting diphenyl into a diglycidyl ether. regardless of the nature of the bond between the two phenolic. nuclei. For purpose ofillustra'tion attention is directedto numerous other diphenols which can be readily converted to a suitable polyepoxide, and particularly diepoxide', reactantr As previously pointed out the initial phenolmay be substituted, and the substituent. group in turn maybe" a cyclic group such as the phenyl grouper cyclohexyl group asinthe instance of cyclohexylphenol or phenylphenol. Such substituents are usually in. the ortho position. and maybe illustrated by a phenol of the followingcomposition:

Similar phenols which are monofunctional, for instance, paraphenyl phenol or paracyclohexyl phenol with anadditional substituent in the ortho position, may be employed in reactions previously referred to, for instance, with formaldehyde or sulfur chlorides to give comparable phenolic compounds having 2 hydroxyls and suitable for subsequent reaction with epichlorohydrin, etc.-

Other samplesinclude:

011,. wherein R1 is a substituent sele-ctedfrom'theclass consista' substituent selected from the class" consisting of allyl,

cycloalkyl, aryl,,aralkyl, and a-lkaryl groups; and wherein said alkyl group contains at-l'ea'st-3' carbon atoms: U. S. Patent No. 2,515,9071

H(OCiH4)b(i)" See 05H OuhIu in which the -C.=,H11 groups aresecondary amyl groups. See U. S. Patent No. 2,504,064.

CHi-C See U. S. Patent No; 2,503,196".

wherein R is a member of the group consisting of alkyl, and alkoxy-alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, inclusive, and aryl and chloraryl radicals of the benzene series. See U. S. Patent No. 2,526,545.

See U. S. Patent No. 2,515,908.

As to sulfides, the following compound is of interest:

ClHn 05 11 Alkyl Alkyl Alkyl Alkyl Rs in which R5 is a methylene radical, or a substituted methylene radical which represents the residue of an aldehyde and is preferably, the unsubstituted methylene radical derived from formaldehyde. See U. S. Patent No. 2,430,002.

See also U. S. Patent No. 2,581,919 which describes di(dialkyl cresol) sulfides which include the monosulfides, the disulfides, and the polysulfides. The following formula represents the various-dicresol sulfides of this invention:

O H 0 H8 0 HI 0 H 34 R1 R1 R,

in which R1 and R2 are alkyl groups, the sum of whose carbon atoms equals 6 to 'about20, andRrand Ra each preferably contain 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, and x is 1 to 4. The term sulfides as used in this text, therefore, includes monosulfide, disulfide, and polysulfides.

' PART FOUR It is well known that one can readily purchase on the open market, or prepare, fusible, organic solvent-soluble,

. water-insoluble resin polymers of a composition approxi- ;mated in an idealized form by the formula OH I OH I OH H. H O O H H R R n R In the above formula n represents a small Whole number varying from 1 to 6, 7 or 8, or more, up to probably 10 or 12 units, particularly when the resin is subjected to heating under a vacuum as described in the literature. A limited sub-genus is in the instance of low -molecular weight polymers where the total number ofphenol nuclei varies from 3 to 6, i. e., n varies from 1 to 4; R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent, generally an alkyl radical having from 4 to 15 carbon atoms, such as a butyl, amyl, hexyl, decyl, or dodecyl radical. Where the divalent bridge radical is shown as being derived from formaldehyde it may, of course, be derived from any other reactive aldehyde having 8 carbon atoms or less.

Because a resin is organic solvent-soluble does not mean it is necessarily soluble in any organic solvent.

' This is particularly true where the resins are derived from trifunctional phenols as previously noted. However, even when obtained from a difunctional phenol, for instance paraphenylphenol, one mayobtain a resin which is not soluble in a nonoxygentated solvent, such as benzene, or xylene, but requires an oxygenated solvent such as a low molal alcohol, dioxane, or diethyleneglycol diethylether. Sometimes a mixture of the two solvents (oxygenated and non-oxygenated) will serve. See Example 9a of U. S. PatentNo. 2,499,365, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote and Kciser.

The resins herein employed as raw materials must be soluble in a nonoxygenated solvent, such as benzene or xylene. This vpresents no problem insofar that all that is required is to make a solubility test on commercially available resins, or else prepare resins which are xylene or benzene-soluble-as described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,499,365, or in U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368, dated March 7,.1950, to De Groote and Kciser. In said patent there are described oxyalkyl-ation-susceptible, fusible, nonoxygenated-organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble, low-stage phenolaldehyde resins having an average molecular weight corresponding to at least 3 and not over 6 phenolic nuclei per resin molecule. These resins are difunctional only in regard to methylol-forming reactivity, are derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol and are formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols. The phenol is of the formula in which R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having at least 4 carbon atoms and not more than'24 carbon atoms, and substituted in the 2, 4, 6, position.

If one selected a resin of the kind just described previously and reacted approximately onemole of the resin with two moles of formaldehyde and "two moles of a basic nonhydroxylated secondary amine as specified, following the. same idealized over-s'iinplificatoin previously referred to, the resultant product might be illustrated The basic nonhydroxylated amine may be designed thus:

In conducting reactions of this kind one does not necessarily obtain a hundred percent yield for obvious reasons. Certain side reactions may take place. For instance, 2 moles of amine may combine with one mole of the aldehyde, or only one mole of the amine may combine with the resin molecule or even to a very slight extent, if at all, 2 resin units may combine without any amine in the reaction product, as indicated in the following formulas:

As has been pointed out previously, as far as the resin unit goes one can use a mole of aldehyde other than formaldehyde, such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde or butyraldehyde. The resin unit may be exemplified thus:

in which R' is the divalent radical obtained from the particular aldehyde employed to form the resin. For reasons which are obvious the condensation product obtained appears to be described best in terms of the method of manufacture.

As previously stated the preparation of resins, the kind herein employed as reactants, is well known. See previously mentioned U. S. Patent 2,499,368. Resins can be made using an acid catalyst or basic catalyst or a catalyst having neither acid nor basic properties in the ordinary sense or without any catalyst at all. It is preferable that the resins employed be substantially neutral. In other words, if prepared by using a strong acid as a catalyst, such strong acid should be neutralized. Similarly, if a strong base is used as a catalyst it is preferable that the base be neutralized although we have found that sometimes the reaction described proceeded more rapidly in the presence of a small amount of a free base. The amount may be as small as at 200th of a percent and as much as a few 10ths of a percent. Sometimes moderate increase in caustic soda and caustic potash may be used. However, the most desirable procedurev in practically every case is to have the resin neutral.

In preparing resins one does not get. a single polymer, i. e., onehaving just 3 units, or just 4 units, or just 5 units, or just 6 units, etc. It is usually a mixture; for in- '18 stanceyone approximating 4-phenolic nuclei will have some trimer and pentamer present. Thus, the molecular weight may be such that it corresponds to a fractional value'for n as, for example, 3.5, 4.5 or 5.2.

Inv the actual manufactur of the resins we found no reason for using otherthan those which are lowest in price and' most readily available commercially. For purposes of convenience suitable resins are characterized in the following table:

TABLE III Mol. wt. Ex- 11" of resin ample R Position derived 1: molecule number of R from (based on n+2) 1a Phenyl Para Formal- 3. 5 992. 5

2a Tertiary butyl 3. 5 882. 5 3a Secondary butyL- 3. 5 882.5 40 Cyclo-hexyl 3. 5 1,025. 5 5a Tertiary amyl... 3. 5 959. 5 6a Mixed secondary 3. 5 805. 5

and tertiary amyl. 7a. Propyl 3. 5 805. 5 8a Tertiary hexyl. 3.5 1,036. 5 9a Octyl 3. 5 1,190 5 10a NonyL. 3. 5 1, 267. 5 11a Decyl 3. 5 1, 3 14. 5 12a; 1.... Dodecyl; 3. 5 1, 498. 5 13a Tertiary butyl 3. 5 045. 5

14a Tertiary amyl 3. 5 1, 022. 5 15a Non .1 3. 5 l, 330. 5 16a Tertiary butyl .3. 5 1, 071. 3

17a Tertiary amyl 3. 5 1, 148. 5 18a Nony 3.5 1, 456.5 1911 Tertiary butyl 3. 5 1, 008. 5

4. 2 1, 083. 4 4. 2 1, 430. 6 4. 8 l, 094. 4 l. 8 l, 189. 6 4. 8 1, 570. 4 Tertiary amyl 1. 5 604. 0 Cyolo-hexyl. 1. 5 046. 0 30a l. 5 653. 0 1. 5 688.0

Nonyl .do .do. 2.0 1, 028.0 d 2.0 860. 0 2.0 636. 0

2. 0 692. O yl 2.0 748.0 Cyclo-hexyl 2. 0 740. 0

PART 5 As has been pointed out previously the amine'herein employed as a reactant is a basic hydroxylated secondary monoamine whose: composition is indicated thus:

in which R represents a monovalent alkyl, alicyclic, arylalkyl radical which may be het'erocyclic in a few instances as in a secondary amine derived from furfurylamine by reaction of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide.

Furthermore, at least one of the radicals designated by R must have at least one hydroxyl radical. A large number of secondary amines are available and may be suitably employed as reactants for the present purpose. Among others, one may employ diethanolamine, methyl ethanolamine, dipropanolamine and ethylpropanolamine. Other suitable secondary amines are obtained, of course, by taking any suitable primary amine, such as an alkylamine, an arylalkylamine, or an ,alicyclic' amine, and treating the amine with one mole of an oxyalkylating agent, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide, or methylglycide. Suitable primary amines which can be so converted into secondary amines, include butylamine, amylamine, hexylamine, higher molecular weight amines derived from fatty acids, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine, furfurylamine, etc. In other instances secondary amines which have at least one hydroxyl radical can be treated similarly with an oxyalkylating agent, or, for that matter with an alkylating agent such as benzylchloride, esters of chloracetic acid, alkyl bromides, dimethylsulfate, esters of sulfonic acid, etc., so as to convert the primary amine into a secondary amine. Among others, such amines include Z-amino-l butanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol,- Z-amino-Z-methyl- 1,3-propanediol, 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, and tris(hydroxymethyl) -aminomethane. of such amines is illustrated by 4-amino-4-methyl-2-pentanol.

Similarly, one can prepare suitable secondary amines which have not Only. a hydroxyl group but also one or more divalent oxygen linkages as part of an ether radical. Examples include:

(CIHQO CHzOH(CH O (CH!) CHCHQ /NH HO C2134 (CHzO CHgCHzO CHgCHzO CHzCHa) HOCzHi (OHgO CHICHICHlCHQCHZCHQ INH HO C2114 or comparable compounds having two hydroxylated groups of different lengths as in (H CH CHIO CHzCHzO CHICHi) /NH HD0111 Another example 20 Otherexamples of suitable amines include alpha-methylbenzylamine and monoethanolamine; also amines obtained by treating cyclohexylmethylamine with one mole CH3 CH ).CH2OT:[

NH CHalilCHzOH See, also, corresponding hydroxylated amines which can be obtained from rosin or similar raw materials and described in U. S. Patent No. 2,510,063, dated June 6, 1950, to Bried; -Still other examples are illustrated by treatment of certain secondary amines, such as the following, with a mole of an oxyalkylating agent as described; phenoxyethylamiue, phenoxypropylamine, phenoxyalphamethylethylamine, and phenoxypropylamine.

Other procedures for production of suitable compounds having a hydroxyl group and a single basic amino nitrogen atom can be obtained from any suitable alcohol, or the like by reaction with a reagent which contains an epoxide group and a secondary amine group. Such reactants are described, for example, in U. S. Patents Nos. 1,977,251 and 1,977,253, both dated October 16, 1934, to Stallmann. Among the reactants described in said latter patent are the following:

PART 6 The products obtained by the herein described processes represent cogeneric mixtures which are the result of a condensation reaction or reactions. Since the resin mole- 211 cule cannot be defined satisfactorily by formula, although it may be so illustrated in an idealized simplification, it is diflicult to actually depict the final product of the cogeneric mixture except in terms of the process itself.

Previous reference has been made to the fact that the procedure herein employed is comparable, in a general way, to that which corresponds to somewhat similar derivatives made either from phenols as differentiated from a resin, or in the manufacture of a phenol-amine-aldehyde resin; or else from a particularly selected resin and an amine and formaldehyde in the manner described in Bruson Patent No. 2,031,557 in order to obtain a heatreactive resin. Since the condensation products obtained are not heat-convertible and since manufacture is not restricted to a single phase system, and since temperatures up to 150 C. or thereabouts may be employed, it is obvious that the procedure becomes comparatively simple. Indeed, perhaps no description is necessary over and above what has been said previously, in light of subsequent examples. However, for purpose of clarity the following details are included.

A convenient piece of equipment for preparation of these cogeneric mixtures is a resin pot of the kind described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368. In most instances the resin selected is not apt to be a fusible liquid at the early or low temperature stage of reaction if employed as subsequently described; in fact, usually it is apt to be a solid at distinctly higher temperatures, for instance, ordinary room temperature. Thus,

we have found it convenient to use a solvent and particularly one which can be removed readily at a comparatively moderate temperature, for instance, at 150 C. A suitable solvent is usually benzene, xylene, or a comparable petroleum hydrocarbon or a mixture of such or similar solvents. Indeed, resins which are not soluble except in oxygenated solvents or mixtures containing such solvents are not here included as raw materials. The reaction can be conducted in such a way that the initial reaction, and perhaps the bulk of the reaction, takes place in a polyphase system. However, if desirable, one can use an oxygenated solvent such as a low-boiling alcohol, including ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, etc. Higher alcohols can be used or one can use a comparatively nonvolatile solvent such as dioxane or the diethyl-ether of ethyleneglycol. One can also use a mixture of benzene or xylene and such oxygenated solvents. Note that the use of such oxygenated solvent is not required in the sense that it is not necessary to use an initial resin which is soluble only in an oxygenated solvent as just noted, and it is not necessary to have a single phase system for reaction.

Actually, water is apt to be present as a solvent for the reason that in most cases aqueous formaldehyde is employed, which may be the commercial product which is approximately 37%, or it may be diluted down to about 30% formaldehyde. However, paraformaldehyde can be used but it is more difficult perhaps to add a solid material instead of the liquid solution and, everything else being equal, the latter is apt to be more economical. In any event, water is present as water of reaction. If the solvent is completely removed at the end of the process, no problem is involved if the material is used for any subsequent reaction. However, if the reaction mass is going to be subjected to some further reaction where the solvent may be objectionable as in the case of ethyl or hexyl alcohol, and if there is to be subsequent oxyalkylation, then, bviously, the alcohols should not be used or else it should be removed. The fact that an oxygenated solvent need not be employed,.of course, is an advantage for reasons stated.

Another factor, as far as the selection of solvent goes, is whether or not the cogeneric mixture obtained at the end of the reaction is to be used as such or in the salt form. The cogeneric mixtures obtained are apt to be solids or thick viscous liquids in which there is some change from the initial resin itself, particularly if some of the initial solvent is apt to remain without complete removal. Even if one starts with a resin which is almost water-white in color, the products obtained are almost invariably a dark red in color or at least a redamber, or some color which includes both an amber component and a reddish component. By and large, the melting point is apt to be lower and the products may be more sticky and more tacky than the original resin itself. Depending on the resin selected and on the amine selected the condensation product or reaction mass on a solventfree basis may be hard, resinous and comparable to the resin itself.

The products obtained, depending on the reactants selected, may be water-insoluble, or water-dispersible, or water-soluble, or close to being water-soluble. Water solubility is enhanced, of course, by making a solution in the acidified vehicle such as a dilute solution, for instance, a 5% solution of hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, etc. One also may convert the finished product into salts by simply adding a stoichiometric amount of any selected acid and removing any water present by refluxing with benzene or the like. In fact, the selection of the solvent employed may depend in part. whether or not the product at the completion of the reaction is to be converted into a salt form.

In the next succeeding paragraph it is pointed out that frequently it is convenient to eliminate all solvent, using a temperature of not over C. and employing vacuum, if required. This applies, of course, only to those circumstances where it is desirable or necessary to remove the solvent. Petroleum solvents, aromatic solvents, etc. can be used. The selection of solvent, such as benzene, xylene, or the like, depends primarily on cost, i. e., the use of the most economical solvent and also on three other factors, two of which have been previously mentioned; (a) is the solvent to remain in the reaction mass without removal? (b) is the reaction mass to be subjected to further reaction in which the solvent, for instance, an alcohol, either low boiling or high boiling, might interfere as in the case of oxyalkylation? and the third factor is this, (0) is an effort to be made to purify the reaction mass by the usual procedure as, for example, a waterwash to remove any unreacted low molal soluble amine, if employed and present after reaction? Such procedures are well known and, needless to say, certain solvents are more suitable than others. Everything else being equal, we have found xylene the most satisfactory solvent.

We have found no particular advantage in using a low temperature in the early stage of the reaction because, and for reasons explained, this is not necessary although it does apply in some other procedures that, in a general way, bear some similarity tov the present procedure. There is no objection, of course, to giving the reaction an opportunity to proceed as far as it will at some low temperature, for instance, 30 to 40 but ultimately one must employ the higher temperature in order to obtain products of the kind herein described. If a lower temperature reaction is used initially the period is not critical, in fact, it may be anything from a few hours up to 24 hours. I have not found any case where it was necessary or even desirable to hold the low temperature stage for more than- 24 hours. In fact, we are not convinced there is any advantage in holding it at this stage for more than 3 or 4 hours at the most. This, again, is a matter of convenience largely for one reason. In heating and stirring the reaction mass there is a tendency for formaldehyde to be lost. Thus, if the reaction can be conducted at a lower temperature, then the amount of unreacted formaldehyde is decreased subsequently and makes it easier to prevent any loss. Here, again, this lower temperature is not necessary by virtue of heat convertibility as previously referred to.

If solvents and reactants are selected so the reactants and products of reaction arernutually soluble, then agita tion is required only to the extent that it helps cooling 23 or helps distribution of the incoming formaldehyde. This mutual solubility is not necessary as previously pointed out but may be convenient under certain circumstances. On the other hand, if the products are not mutually soluble then agitation should be more vigorous for the reason that reaction probably takes place principally at the interfaces and the more vigorous the agitation the more interfacial area. is invariably the same when adding the resin and the selected solvent, such as benzene or xylene. Refluxing should be long enough to insure that the resin added, preferably in a powdered form, is completely soluble. However, if the resin is prepared as such it may be added in solution form, just as preparation is described in aforementioned U. S. Patent 2,499,368. After the resin is in complete solution the amine is added and stirred. Depending on the amine selected, it may or may not be soluble in the resin solution. If it is not soluble in the resin solution it may be soluble in the aqueous formaldehyde solution. If so, the resin then will dissolve in the formaldehyde solution as added, and if not, it is even possible that the initial reaction mass could be a three-phase system instead of a two-phase system although this would be extremely unusual. This solution, or mechanical mixture, if not completely soluble is cooled to at least the reaction temperature or somewhat below, for example 35 C.

or slightly lower, provided this initial low temperature stage is employed. The formaldehyde is then added in a suitable form. For reasons pointed out we prefer to use a solution and whether to use a commercial 37% concentration is simply a matter of choice. In large scale manufacturing there may be some advantage in using a 30% solution of formaldehyde but apparently this is not true on a small laboratory scale or pilot plant scale. 30% formaldehyde may tend to decrease any formaldehyde loss or make it easier to control unreacted formaldehyde loss.

Returning again to the preferred method of reaction and particularly from the standpoint of laboratory procedure employing a glass resin pot, when the reaction has proceeded as one can reasonably expect at a low temperature, for instance, after holding the reaction mass with or without stirring, depending on whether or not it is homogeneous, at 30 or 40 C., for 4 or 5 hours, or at the most, up to -24 hours, we then complete the reaction by raising the temperature up to 150 C., or thereabouts as required. The initial low temperature procedure can be eliminated or reduced to merely the shortest period of time which avoids loss of amine or formaldehyde. At a higher temperature we use a phase-separating trap and subject the mixture to reflux condensation until the water of reaction and the water of solution of the formaldehyde is eliminated. We then permit the temperature to rise to somewhere about 100 C., and generally slightly above 100 C., and below 150 C., by eliminating the solvent or part of the solvent so the reaction mass stays within this predetermined range. This period of heating and refluxing, after the water is eliminated, is continued until the reaction mass is homogeneous and then for one to three hours longer. The removal of the solvents is conducted in a conventional manner in the same Way as the removal of solvents in resin manufacture as described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368.

Needless to say, as far as the ratio of reactants goes we have invariably employed approximately one mole of the resin based on the molecular weight of the resin molecule, 2 moles of the secondary amine and 2 moles of formaldehyde. In some instances we have added a trace of caustic as an added catalyst but have found no particular advantage in this. In other cases we have used a slight excess of formaldehyde and, again, have not found any particular advantage in this. In other cases we have used a slight excess of amine and, again, have not found any particular advantage in so doing. Whenever feasible we have checked the completeness of reac- The general procedure employed 24 tion in the usual ways, including the amount of water of reaction, molecular weight, and particularly in some instances have checked whether or not the end-product showed surface-activity, particularly in a dilute acetic acid solution. The nitrogen content after removalof unreacted amine, if any is present, is another index.

In light of what has been said previously, little more need be said as to the actual procedure employed for the preparation of the herein described condensation products. The following example will serve by way of illustration.

Example 1b The phenol-aldehyde resin is the one that has been identified previously as Example 2a. It was obtained from a para-tertiary butylphenol and formaldehyde. The resin was prepared using an acid catalyst which was completely neutralized at the end of the reaction. The molecular weight of the resin was 882.5. This corresponded to an average of about 3 phenolic nuclei, as the value for n which excludes the 2 external nuclei, i. e., the resin'was largely a mixture having 3 nuclei and 4 nuclei, excluding the 2 external nuclei, or 5 and 6 overall nuclei. The resin so obtained in a neutral state had a light amber color.

882 gram of the resin identified as 2a preceding were powdered and mixed with 700 grams of xylene. The mixture was refluxed until solution was complete. It was then adjusted to approximately 30 to 35 C. and 210 grams of diethanolamine added. The mixture was stirred vigorously and formaldehyde added slowly. The formaldehyde used was a 37% solution and 160 grams were employed which were added in about 3 hours. The mixture was stirred vigorously and kept within a temperature range of 30 to 45 C. for about 21 hours. At the end of this period of time it was refluxed, using a phaseseparating trap and a small amount of aqueous distillate withdrawn from time to time and the presence of unreacted formaldehyde noted. Any unreacted formaldehyde seemed to disappear within approximately 3 hours after the refluxing was started. As soon as the odor of formaldehyde was no longer detectible the phase-separating trap was set so as to eliminate all water of solution and reaction. After the water was eliminated part of the xylene was-removed until the temperature reached about 150 C. The'mass was kept at this higher temperature for about 3% hours and reaction stopped. During this time any additional water, which was probably water of reaction which had formed, was eliminated by means of the trap. The residual xylene was permitted to stay in the cogeneric mixture. A small amount of the sample was heated on a water bath to remove the excess xylene and the residual material was dark red in color and had the consistency of a sticky fluid or a tacky resin. The overall reaction time was a little over 30 hours. In other instances it has varied from approximately 24 to 36 hours. The time can be reduced by cutting the low temperature period to about 3 to 6 hours.

Note that in Table IV following there are a large number of added examples illustrating the same procedure. In each case the initial mixture was stirred and held at a fairly low temperature (30 to 40 C.) for a period of several hours. Then refluxing was employed until the odor of formaldehyde disappeared. After the odor of formaldehyde disappeared the phase-separating trap was employed to separate out all the water, both the solution and condensation. After all the water had been separated enough xylene was taken out to have the final product reflux for several hours somewhere in the range of to C. therea'bouts. Usually the mixture yielded a clear solution by the time the bulk of the water, or all of the water, had been removed.

Note thatas pointed out previously, this procedure is illustrated by 24 examples in Table IV.

' TABLE IV Strengtlr o1 Reac- Reac- Max. Ex. Resin Amt, formal- Solvent used tion tion die- No. used grs. Amine used and amount dehyde and amt. temp., I time, till,

soln. and G. (hrs) temp,

amt. C.

882 Diethanolamine, 210 g 37%, 162 g... Xylene, 700 g... 22-26- 32 137 480 Diethanolamine, 105 g.-. 37%, 81 g Xylene, 450 g 21-23 28 150 633 do a d Xylene, 600g. 20-22 36 145 441 Dlpropanolamine, 133 g 30%, 100 g... Xylene, 400 g.. 20-23 34 146 ..do d Xylene, 450 g.. 21-23 24 141 Xylene, 600 g. 21-28 24 145 Xylene,.700 g 20-26 24 152 480 Ethylethanolarnine, 89 g. Xylene, 450 gr... 24-30 28' 151 633 do a o Xylene, G007g 22-25 27 147 473 Gyclohexylethanolamine, 143 -g. 30%, 100 g..- Xylene, 450 g- 21-31- 31 146 511 do 37%, 81 g.. ad0 22-23 86 148 665 d do Xylene, 550 g-'.... 20-24 27 152'.

C1HsOC1H4OC1E-4 131)--.- 2a..- 441 NH, 176 g .do Xylene, 400 gr. 21-25 24 150 HOG/2H4 I C2H500H4OCIHI 14b. at 480 NH, 176 g .do Xylene, 450 g. 20-26 26 145 CzH50CnHiOGH 15b 9a 595 NH, 176 g do Xylene. 550 g. 21-27 30 147 HOOaHl HOCgYhOCzH OCzPD 16b 2a 441 NH, 192 g do Xylene, 400 gm. -22 30 148 HOOL'HA HOCnHlOC2K4OC2 4 17b 5a. 430 NH,192g d0 -do 20-25 23 150 HOG/ H4 HOCzHlOCzHlOCfiHl 18b 14a 511 NH, 192 gm", do Xylene, 500 g 21-24 32 149 HOCaHl HOOH4OC1H4OG3H4 19b 22am" 498 NH, 192g do Xylene, 450 gm. 22-25 32 153 HOC1H4 CH:(OC:H4)3

20b 23a 542 NH, 206 g 30%, 100 g.-- Xylene, 500 g-... 21-23 36 151 HOG/2H4 CHKQCQHD:

21b a 5 47 NH, 206 g .do do.-. 25-30 34 148 HOC Hi 22b, 2a. 441 NH, 206g do Xylene, 400 gm. 22-23 31 146 HOCzH 23b 2611.". 595 Decylethanolamine, 201 g 37%, 81 g. Xylene, 500 g 22-27 24 145 24b 27a 39] Decylethanolamine, 100 g g. Xylene, 300 11.." 21-25 26 147 PART 7 modified phenol-aldehyde resin condensate would be re- The products obtained as herein described by reactions involving amine condensates and diglycidyl ethers or the equivalent are valuable for use as such. This is pointed out in detail elsewhere. However, in many instances the derivatives obtained by oxyalkylation are even more. valuable and from such standpoint the herein described products may be considered as valuable intermediates. Subsequent oxyalkylation involves the use of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide, etc. Such oxyalkylating agents are monoepoxides as differentiated from polyepoxides.

It becomes apparent that if the product obtained is to be treated subsequently with a monoepoxide which may require a pressure vessel as in the case of ethylene oxide, it is convenient to usethe same reaction vessel in both instances. In other words, the 2 moles of the amineacted with a polyepoxide and then subsequently with a monoepoxide. In any event, if desired the polyepoxide reaction can be conducted in an ordinary reaction vessel, such as the usual glass laboratory equipment. This is particularly true of the kind used for resin manufacture as described in a number of patents, as for example. U. S. Patent No. 2,499,365.

Cognizance should be takenv of one particular feature in connection with the reaction involving the polyepoxide and that is this: the amine-modified phenol-aldehyde resin condensate is invariably basic and thus one need not add the usual catalysts which are used to promote such reactions. Generally speaking, the reaction will proceed at a satisfactory rate under suitable conditions without any catalyst at all.

Employing polyepoxides in combination with a nonbasic reactant the usual catalysts include alkaline mate rials such as caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium methylate, etc. Other catalyst may be acidic in nature and are of the kind characterized by iron and tin chloride. Furthermore, insoluble catalysts such as clays or specially prepared mineral catalysts have been used. If for any reason the reaction did not proceed rapidly enough with the digylcidyl ether or other analogous reactant, then a small amount of finely divided caustic soda or sodium methylate could be employed as a catalyst. The amount generally employed would be 1% or 2%.

It goes without saying that the reaction can take place in an inert solvent, i. e., one that is not oxyalkylationsusceptible. Generally speaking, this is most conveniently an aromatic solvent such as xyleneor a higher boiling coal tar solvent, or else a similar high boiling aromatic solvent obtained from petroleum. One can employ an oxygenated solvent such as the diethylether of ethylene glycol, or the diethylether of propylene glycol, or similar ethers, either alone or in combination with a hydrocarbon solvent. The selection of the solvent depends in part on the subsequent use of the derivatives or reaction products. If the reaction products are to be rendered solvent-free and it is necessary that the solvent be readily removed as, for example, by the use'of vacuum distillation, thus xylene or an aromatic petroleum will serve. If the product is going to be subjected to oxyalkylation subsequently, then the solvent should be one which is not oxyalkylationsusceptible. It is easy enough to select a suitable solvent if required in any instance but, everything else being equal, the solvent chosen should be the most economical one.

Example 1C The product was obtained by reaction between the diepoxide previously designated as diepoxide 3A, and condensate 2b. Condensate 2b was obtained from resin 5a. Resin 5a in turn was obtained from tertiary amylphenol and formaldehyde. Condensate 2b employed as reactants resin 5a and diethanolamine. The amount of resin employed was 480 grams; the amount of diethanolamine employed was 105 grams, and the amount of 37% formaldehyde employed was 81 grams, and the amount of solvent (xylene) employed was 450 grams. All this has been described previously.

The solution of the condensate in xylene was adjusted to a solution. In this particular instance, and in y 28 practically all the others which appear in the subsequent table, the examples are characterized by the fact that no alkaline catalyst was added. The reason is, of course, that the condensate as such is strongly basic. If desired, a small amount of an alkaline catalyst could be added, such as finely powdered caustic soda, sodium methylate,

etc. If such alkaline catalyst is added it may speed upthe reaction but it also may cause an undesirable. reaction, such as the polymerization of a diepoxide.

In any event, 119 grams of the condensate dissolved in approximately an equal amount of xylene were stirred and heated to C., and 17 grams of diepoxide previously identified as 3A and dissolved in an equal weight of xylene were added dropwise. An initial addition of the xylene solution carried the temperature to about 108 C. The remainder of the diepoxide was added in approximately an hours time. During this period of time the reaction rose to about 126 C. The product was allowed to reflux at approximately C. to 130 C. using a phase-separating trap. A small amount of xylene was removed by means of this phase-separating trap so the reflux temperature rose gradually to about 180 C. The mixture was then refluxed at 180 C. for approximately 5 hours until the reaction stopped and the xylene which had been removed during the reflux period was returned to the mixture. A small amount of material was withdrawn and the xylene evaporated on a hot plate in order to examine the physical properties. The material was a dark red viscous semi-solid. It was insoluble in water, it was insoluble in a 5% gluconic acid solution but was soluble in xylene and particularly in a mixture of 80% xylene and 20% methanol.

However, if the material was dissolvedv in an oxygenated solvent and then shaken with 5% gluconic acid it showed a definite tendency to disperse, suspend, or form a sol, and particularly in a xylene-methanol mixed solvent as previously described, with or without the further addition of a little acetone.

The procedure employed of courseis simple in light of what has been said previously and in effect is a procedure similar to that employed in the use of glycide or methylglycide as oxyalkylating agents. See, for example, Part 1 of U. S. Patent No. 2,602,062 dated July 1, 1952, to De Groote.

Various examples obtained in substantially the same manner are enumerated in the following tables:

TABLE V Con- Time Ex. den- Amt., Dicp- Amt., Xylene, Molar oi reac- Max. No. sate grs. oxide grs. grs. ratio tion, temp., Color and physical state used used hrs. C.

119 3A 17 136 2:1 5 180 Dark viscous semi-solid. 125 3A 17 142 2:1 5 180 D0. 108 3A 17 125 2:1 5 185 Do. 116 3A 17 133 2:1 5 180 Do. 126 3A 17 143 2:1 5 190 Do. 164 3A 17 181 2:1 6 180 Dark solid mass.- 126 3A 17 143 2:1 6 190 Do. 143 3A 17 2:1 6 190 D0. 140 3A 17 157 2:1 6 195 Do. 152 3A 17 169 2:1 6 190 D0.

TABLE VI Con- Time Diep- Max.

i i L2 ox de 32 :23;? i jgf tramp Color and physical state used mm hrs.

1D-. 119 B1 27. 5 146. 5 2:1 6 185 Dark viscous semi-solid. 2D 125 B1 27. 5 152. 5 2:1 7 188 Do. 3 108 B1 27.5 135. 5 2:1 6 Do. 4D 116 B1 27. 5 143. 5 2:1 6 182 D0. 5D 126 Bl 27.5 153.5 2:1 8 Do. 6D 164 B1 27. 5 191. 5 2:1 8 Dark solid mass. 7D 13!) 126 B1 27.5 153. 5 2:1 7 180 Do. 8D 18b 143 B1 27.5 170.5- 2:1 8 184 Do. 9D 19b 140 B1 27. 5 167. 5 2:1 8 185 Do. 10D 20b 152 B1 27. 5 I 179. 5 2:1 8 190 D Solubility in regard to all these compounds was substantially similar to that which was described in Example 10 TABLE VII Probable Resincon- Probable Amt. of Amt. of number of Ex. No. densate mol. wt. of product, solvent, hydroxyls used reaction grs. grs. per moleproduct cule TABLE VIII Probable Resin con- Probable Amt. of Amt. of number 01' Ex. No. densate mol. wt. of product, solvent, hydroxyls used reaction grs.v grs. per moleproduct cule At times we have found a tendency for an insoluble mass to form or at least to obtain incipient cross-linking or gelling even when the molal ratio is in order of 2 moles of resin to one of diepoxide. We have found this can be avoided by any one of the following procedures or their equivalent. Dilute the resin or the diepoxide, or both, with an inert solvent, such as xylene or the like. In some instances an oxygenated solvent, such as the diethyl ether of ethyleneglycol may be employed. Another procedure which is helpful is to reduce the amount of catalyst used, or reduce. the temperature of reaction by adding a small amount of initially lower boiling solvent such as benzene, or use benzene entirely. Also, we have found it desirable at times to use slightly less than apparently the theoretical amount of diepoxide, for instance 90% to 95% instead of 100%.

PART 8 The preparation of the compounds or products described in Part 7, preceding, involves an oxyalkylating agent, to wit, a polyepoxide and usually a diepoxide. The procedure described in the present part is a further oxyalkylation step but involves the use of a nionoepoxide or the equivalent. The principal diiference is only that while polyepoxides are invariably nonvolatile and can be reacted under a condenser, at least numerous monoepoxides and particularly ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc;, involve somewhat different operating conditions. Glycide and methylglycide react under practically the same conditions as the polyepoxides. Ac-

tually, for purpose of convenience, it is: most desirable: to conduct the previous reaction, i. e-., the one involving the polyepoxide, in equipment such that subsequent reaction with monoepoxides may follow without interruption. In the oxyalkylations carried out to produce compositions used in accordance with the present application, conventional equipment, i. e., a stainless steel autoclave suitably equipped, and conventional oxyalkylation conditions were used.

The amount of monoepoxides employed may be ashigh as 50 parts of monoepoxide for one part of the polyepoxide treated amine-modified phenol-aldehyde condensation product.

Example 1E The polyepoxide-derived oxyalkylation-susceptible'compound employed is the one previously designated and described as Example 1D. Polyepoxide-derived condensate ID was obtained, in turn, from condensate 2b and diepoxide Bl. Reference to Table IV shows the composition of condensate 212. Table IV shows it was obtained from Resin 2a, diethyanolamine and formaldehyde, Table 111 shows that Resin 2a was obtained from tertiary butylphenol and formaldehyde.

For purpose of convenience, reference herein and in the tables to the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound will be: abbreviated in the table heading as OSC"; reference is to the solvent-free material since, for convenience, the amount of solvent is noted in a second column. Actually, part of the solvent may have been present and in practically every case was present in either the resinification process or the condensation process, or in treatment with a polyepoxide. In any event, the amount of solvent present at the time of treatment with a monoepoxide is indicated as a separate item. To be consistent, of course, the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound abbreviated as OSC is indicated on a solvent-free basis.

14.65 pounds of the polyepoxide-derived condensate were mixed with 14.70 pounds of solvent (xylene in. this series) along with 1 /2 pounds of finely powdered caustic soda as a catalyst. This reaction mixture was treated with 15.00 pounds of ethylene oxide. At the end of the reaction period the molal ratio of oxide to initial compound was approximately 68.2 and the theoretical molecular weight was approximately 5,900.

Adjustment was made in the autoclave to operate at a at a temperature of to C., and at a pressure of 10 to 15 pounds per square inch.

The time regulator was set so as to inject the ethylene oxide in approximately one-half hour and then continued stirring for one-half hour longer simply as a precaution to insure complete reaction. The reaction went readily and, as a matter of fact, the ethylene oxide could have been injected in probably 15 minutes instead of a halfhour and the subsequent time allowed to insure completion of reaction may have been entirely unnecessary. The speed of reaction. particularly at the low pressure, undoubtedly was due in a large measure to the excellent agitation and also to the comparatively high concentration of catalyst. The amount of ethylene oxide introduced, as previously noted, was 15.00 pounds.

A comparatively small sample, less than 50 grams, was withdrawn merely for examination as far as solubility or emulsifying power was concerned, andv also for the 31 purpose of making some tests on various oil field emulsions. The amount withdrawn was so small that no cognizance of this fact is included in the data or subsequent data, or in data reported in tabular form in subsequent Tables IX, X and XI.

. The size of the autoclave employed was 35 gallons. In innumerable oxyalkylations we have withdrawn a substantial portion at the end of each step and continued oxyalkylation on a partial residual sample. This was not the case in this particular series. Certain examples were duplicated as hereinafter noted and subjected to oxyalkylation with a different oxide.

Example 2E This example simply illustrated further oxyalkylation of Example 1E, preceding. The oxyalkyl'ation-susceptible compound, to wit, Example 1D, is the same one as was used in Example 113, preceding, because it is merely a continuation. In the subsequent tables, such as Table IX, the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound in the horizontal line concerned with Example 2E refers to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound, Example 1D. Actually, one could refer just as properly to Example 1E at this stage. It is immaterial which designation is used so long as it is understood and such practice is used consistently throughout the tables. In any event, the amount of ethylene oxide is the same as before, to wit, 15.00 pounds. Thi means the amount of oxide at the end was 30.0 pounds. It is meant that the ratio of oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound (molar basis) at the end was 136 to 1. The theoretical molecular weight was almost 8,900. There was no added solvent. In other words, it remained the same, that is, 14.70 pounds, and there was no added catalyst. The entire procedure was substantially the same as in Example 1E, preceding.

In all succeeding examples the time and pressure were the same as previously, to wit, 125 to 130 C., and the pressure to pounds. The time element was onehalf hour, the same as before.

Example 3E The oxyethylation proceeded in the same manner as described in Examples 1E and 2E. There was no added solvent and no added catalyst. The oxide added was 15.00 pounds. The total oxide at the end ofthe oxyalkylation procedure was 45.00 pounds. The molal ratio of oxide to condensate was 205 to 1. The theoretical molecular weight was approximately 12,000. As previously noted, conditions in regard to temperature and pressure were the same as in Examples 1E and 2E. The time period was slightly longer, about 45 minutes.

Example 4E The oxyethylation was continued and the amount. of oxide added was the same as before, to wit, 15.00 pounds.

The amount of oxide added at the end of the reaction was 60 pounds. There was no added solvent and no added catalyst. Conditions as far as temperature and pressure are concerned were the same as in previous examples. The time period was the time as before, to wit, 45 minutes. The reaction at this point showed modest, if any, tendency to slow up. The molal ratio of oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was about 273 to 1, and the theoretical molecular weight was Example 5E The oxyalkylation was continued with the introduction of another 15.00 pounds of oxide. No added solvent was introduced, and likewise no added catalyst was introduced. The theoretical molecular weight at the end of the reaction was approximately 21,000. The molal ratio of oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was 410 to 1. The time period was 45minutes.

Example 6E The same procedure was followed as in the previous examples Without addition of either more catalyst or more solvent. The amount of oxide added was the same as before, to wit, 15.00 pounds. The time required to complete the reaction was 1 hours. At the end of the reaction the ratio of oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was approximately 525 to 1, and the theoretical molecular weight was about 27,000.

The same procedure as described in the previous examples was employed in connection with a number of the other condensations described previously. All these data have been presented in tabular form in Tables IX through XIV, inclusive.

In substantially every case a 35-gallon autoclave was employed, although in some instances the initial oxyethylation was started in a 15-gallon autoclave and then transferred to a 25-gallon autoclave. This is immaterial but happened to be a matter of convenience only. The solvent used in all cases was xylene. The catalyst used was finely powdered caustic soda.

Referring now to Tables IX, X and XI, it will be noted that compounds 1E through 18E were obtained by the use of ethylene oxide, where-as Examples 19E through 36E were obtained by the use of propylene oxide; and Examples 37E through 54E were obtained by the use of butylene oxide. i

Referring now to Table X specifically, it will be noted that the series of examples beginning with 1F were obtained, in turn, by use of both ethylene and propylene oxides, using ethylene first; in fact, using Example 2E as the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound in the first six examples. This applies to Series 1F through 18F.

' Similarly, series 19F through 36F involve the use of both propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in which the propylene oxide was used first, to wit, 19F was prepared fror u23E, a compound which was initially derived by use of propylene oxide.

Similarly, Examples 3711* through 54F involve the use of ethylene oxide and butylene oxide, the ethylene oxide being used first. Also, these two oxides were used in the 801165551 through 72F, but in this latter instance the butylene oxide was used first and then the ethylene oxide.

Series 73F through 90F involve the use of propylene oxide and butylene oxide, butylene oxide being used first and propylene oxide being used next.

In series 16 through 186 the three oxides were used. It will be noted in Example 16 the initial compound was 76F; Example 76F, in turn, was obtained from a compound in which butylene oxide was used initially and then propylene oxide. Thus, the oxide added in the series 16 through 66 was by use of ethylene oxide as indicated in Table XI.

Referring to Table XI, in regard to Example 19G it will be noted again that the three oxides were used and 196 was obtained from 58F. Example 58F, in turn, was obtained by using butylene oxide first and then ethylene oxide. In Example 19G and subsequent examples, such as 20G, 216, etc., propylene oxide was added.

Tables XII, XIII and XIV give the data in regard to the oxyalkylation procedure as far as temperature and pressure are concerned and also give some data as to solubility of the oxy-alkylated derivative in water, xylene and kerosene.

Referring to Table IX in greater detail, the data are as follow: The first column gives the example numbers, such as 1E, 2E, 3E, etc. etc.; the second column gives the oxyalkyla-tion-susceptible compound employed which, as previously noted in the series 1E through 6E, is Example 1D, although it would be just as proper to say that in the case of 2E the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was 1E, and in the case of 3E the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was 2E. Actually reference is to the parent derivative for the reason that the figure stands constant and probably leads to a more convenient presentation. Thus, the third column indicates the polyepoxidederived condensate previously referred to in the text.

The fourth column shows the amount of ethylene oxide in the mixture prior to the particular oxyethylation step. In the case of Example 1E there is no oxide used but it appears, of course, in 2E, 3E and 4E, etc.

The fifth column can be ignored for the reason that it is concerned with propylene oxide only, and the sixth column can be ignored for the reason that it is concerned with butylene oxide only.

The seventh column shows the catalyst which is :invariably powdered caustic soda. The quantity used is indicated.

The eighth column shows the amount of solvent which is xylene unless otherwise stated.

The ninth column shows the amount of oxyalkylationsusceptible compound which in this series is the polyepoxide-derived condensate.

The tenth column shows the amount of ethylene oxide in at the end of the particular step.

Column eleven shows the same data for propylene oxide, and column twelve for butylene oxide. For obvious reasons these can be ignored in the series 1E through 18E.

Column thirteen shows the amount of the catalyst at the end of the oxyalkylation step, and column fourteen shows the amount of the solvent at the end of the oxyalkylation step.

The fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth columns are Referring now to the second series of compounds in Table IX, to wit, Examples 19E through 36E, the situa tion is the same except that it is obvious the oxyalkylating agent used was propylene oxide and not ethylene oxide. Thus, the fourth column becomes a blank and the tenth column becomes a blank and the fifteenth column becomes a blank, but column five, which previously was a blank in Table IX now carries data as to the amount of propylene oxide present at the beginning of the reaction. Column eleven carries d-ata as to the amount of propylene oxide present at the end of the reaction, and column sixteen carries data as to the ratio of propylene oxide to the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound. In all other instances the various headings have the same significance as previously.

Similarly, referring to Examples 37E through 54E in Table IX, columns four and five are blanks, columns ten and eleven are blanks, and columns fifteen and sixteen are blanks, but data appear in column six as to butylene oxide present before the particular oxyalkylation step. Colurnn twelve gives the amount of butylene oxide present at the end of the step, and column seventeen gives the ratio of butylene oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound.

Table X is in essence the data presented in exactly the same way except the two oxides appear, to wit, ethylene oxide and proplyene oxide. This means that there are only three columns in which data does not appear, all three being concerned with the use of butylene oxide. Furthermore, it shows which oxide was used first by the very fact that reference to Example 1F, in turn,

I refers to 2E, and also shows that ethylene oxide was prescut at the very first stage. Furthermore, for ease of com parison and also to be consistent, the data under Molal Ratio in regard to ethylene oxide and propylene oxide goes back to the original diepoxide-derived condensate ID. This is obvious, of course, because the figures 68.2 and 25.0 coincide with the figures for 2E derived from 1D, as shown in Table IX.

In Table X the same situation is involved except, of course, propylene oxide is used first and this, again, is perfectly apparent. Three columns only are blank, to wit, the three referring to butylene oxide. The same situation applies in examples such as 37F and subsequent examples where the two oxides used are ethylene oxide and butylene oxide, and the table makes it plain that ethylene oxide was used first. Inversely, Example 55F and subsequent examples show the use of the same two oxides but with butylene oxide being used first as shown on the table.

Example 73F and subsequent examples relate to the use of propylene oxide and butylene oxide. Examples beginning with 1G, Table XI, particularly 2G, 36, etc, show the us of all three oxides so there are no blank-s. as in the first step of each stage where one oxide is missing. It is not believed any further explanation need be offered in regard to Table XI.

As previously pointed out certain initial runs using one oxide only, or in some instance two oxides, had to be duplicated When used as intermediates subsequently for further reaction. It would be confusing to refer to too much detail in these various tables for the reason that all pertinent data appears and the tables are essentially self explanatory.

Reference to solvent and amount of alkali at any point takes into consideration the solvent from the previous step and the alkali left from this step. As previously pointed vout, Tables XII, XIII and XIV give operating data in connection with the entire series, comparable .to what has been said in regard to Examples 1E through 6E.

The products resulting from these procedures may .contain modest amounts, or have small amounts, of the solvents as indicated by the figures in the tables. If desired, the solvent may be removed by distillation, and particularly vacuum distillation. Such distillation also may remove traces or small amounts of 'uncombined oxide, if present and volatile under the conditions employed.

Obviously, in the use of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in combination one need not first use one oxide and then the other, but one can mix thetwo oxides and thus obtain what may be termed an indifierent oxyalkylation, i. e., no attempt to selectively add one and then the other, or any other variant.

Needless to say, one could start with ethylene oxide and then use propylene oxide, and then go back to ethylene oxide; or, inversely, start with propylene oxide, then use ethylene oxide, and then go back to propylene oxide; or, one could use a combination in which butylene oxide is used along with either one of the two oxides just mentioned, or a combination of both of them.

The' same would be true in regard to a mixture of ethylene oxide and butylene oxide, or butylene oxide and propylene oxide.

The colors of the products usually vary from a reddish amber tint to a definitely red, amber and to a straw or light straw color. The reason is primarily that no effort is made to obtain colorless resins initiallyand the resins themselves may be yellow, amber, or even dark amber. Condensation of a nitrogenous product invariably yields a darker product than th original resin and usually has a reddish color. Thesolvent employed, if xylene, adds nothing to the color but one may use a darker colored aromatic petroleum solvent. Oxyalkylation generally tends to yield lighter colored products ,and the more oxide employed the lighter the color the product. Products can be prepared in which the final color is a lighter amber or straw color with a reddish tint. Such products can be decolorized'by the use of clays, bleaching chars, etc. As far as use in demulsification is concerned, or some other industrial uses, there is no justification for the cost of bleaching the product.

Generally speaking, the amount of alkaline catalyst present is comparatively small and it need not be removed.

Since the products per se are alkaline due to th presence of a basic nitrogen, the'removal of the alkaline catalyst is" somewhat more difficultthan ordinarily is the case for the reason that if one adds hydrochloric acid, for example,

to neutralize the alkalinity one may partially neutralize the basic nitrogen radicalfalso. The preferred procedure is to ignor the presence of the alkali unless it is objectionable or else add a stoichiometric amount of concern trated hydrochloric acid equal to the caustic soda present.

TABLE IX Composition before Composition at end E Oxides Oxides Moial ratio x. No. 080, Cata- Sol- Cata- S01- Theo.

ex. 080, lyst, vent, 08G, lyst, vent, gg 1 g 1 g f moi. No. lbs. EtO, PrO, BuO, lbs. lbs. lbs. EtO, Pro, BuO, lbs. lbs 81 3 1 wt.

lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs suscept suscem suscept.

empd. empd. empd.

14. 65 1. 5 14. 70 14.65 15.0 1. 5 14. 70 5. 930 14.65 15. 0 1. 5 14.70 14. 65 30.0 1. 5 14. 70 8,930 14.65 30.0 1. 5 14. 70 14.65 45.0 1. 5 14. 70 11,930 14. 65 45.0 1. 5 14.70 14.65 60.0 1. 5 14. 70 a 14, 930 14.65 60. O 1. 5 14.70 14.65 90.0 1. 5 14. 70 20. 930 14. 65 90.0 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 120.0 1. 5 14.70 26, 930 15. 1. 5 15.33 15.25 7. 1. 5 15. 33 4, 550 15.25 7. 50 1. 5 15.33 15. 25 15.00 1. 5 15. 33 6,050 15. 25 15.00 1. 5 15.33 15.25 22. 50 1. 5 15.33 7, 550 15.25 22. 50 1. 5 15.33 15.25 45. 00 1. 5 15.33 12,050 15.25 45.0 1. 5 15.33 15.25 60. 00 1. 5 15.33 15, 050 15.25 60.0 1. 5 15.33 15.25 75.00 1. 5 15.33 18. 050 13.55 1. 5 13. 69 13.55 13.5 1. 5 13. 69 5, 410 13. 13.5 1. 5 13.69 13.55 27. 0 1.;5 13.69 8. 110 13. 55 27.0 1.5 13. 69 13. 55 40. 5 1. 5 13.69 10,410 13.55 40.5 1. 5 13.69 13. 55 54.0 1. 5 13.69 13.110 13. 55 54.0 1. 5 13.69 13. 55 81. 0 1. 6 13.69 18, 510 13.55 81.0 1. 5 13.69 13.55 94. 5 1. 5 13.69 21, 210 14.65 1. 5 14. 70 14.65 29. 5 1. 5 14.70 8, 830 14. 1. 5 '14. 7O 14. 65 60. 0 1. 5 14. 14, 930 14. 65 1. 5 14.70 14.65 75. 0 1. 5 14.70 17. 930 14.65 1. 5 14v 70 14. 65 90. 0 1. 5 14. 70 20, 930 14. 65 1. 5 14.70 14.65 120. O 1. 5 14.70 26, 930 14.65 1. 5 14.70 14.65 146. 5 1. 5 14.70 32, 210 15.25 1. 5 15. 33 15.25 30.5 1. 5 15.33 9. 150 15.25 30. 5 1. 5 15.33 15.25 61.0 1. 5 15. 33 15. 2 15. 25 61.0 1. 5 15.33 91. 5 1. 5 15. 33 21, 3 0 15.25 91. 5 1. 5 15.33 122.0 1. 5 15. 33 27, 4 15.25 122.0 1. 5 15.33 150.5 1. 5 15.33 33,1 0 15.25 150.5 1. 5 15. 33 165. 0 1. 5 15. 33 36,0 0 13.55 1. 5 13.69 27.1 1. 5 13.69 8,1 35 13.55 27. 1 1. 5 13.69 '54. 2 1. 5 13.69 13, 5 6 13. 55 54. 2 1. 5 13.69 81. 3 1. 5 13. 69 18, 985 13. 55 81. 3 1. 5 13.69 108. 4 1. 5 13. 69 24, 41 0 13. 55 108. 4 1. 5 13. 69 135. 5 1. 5 13.69 29, 835 13. 55 135. 5 1. 5 13.69 162. 6 1. 5 13. 69 35, 260 14. 65 1.0 14. 70 7. 25 1.0 14. 7O 380 14. 65 7. 25 1.0 14.70 14. 50 1. 0 14.70 5, 830 14. 65 14.50 1.0 14. 70 21. 1.0 14.70 7, 280 14. 65 21. 75 1. 0 14.70 29.0 1. 0 14.70 8, 730 14.65 29.0 1.0 14.70 36. 25 1.0 14.70 10, 180 14. 65 36. 25 1.0 14.70 43. 50 1. 0 14.70 11,630 15.25 1. 0 15.33 7. 75 1.0 15. 33 4, 600 15.25 7. 75 1.0 15.33 15.50 1. O 15.33 6,150 15.25 15. 50 1.0 15. 33 23. 25 1. 0 15.33 7, 700 15.25 23. 25 1. 0 15.33 31. 0 1. 0 15.33 9, 250 15.25 31.0 1, 0 15.33 38. 75 1.0 15.33 10, 800 15.25 38. 75 1.0 15.33 46. 50 1.0 15.33 12, 350 13. 55 1. 0 13. 69 7.0 1. 0 13.69 4, 13. 55 7. 0 1.0 13.69 14.0 1. O 13. 69 5, 510 13.55 14.0 1. 0 13. 69 21.0 1. 0 13.69 6, 810 13.55 21. 0 1.0 13. 69 28.0 1. 0 13.69 8, 310 13.55 28.0 1.0 13.69 85. 0 1. 0 13. 69 9,710 13. 55 35.0 1. O 13. 69 42.0 1. O 13. 69 11, 110

TABLE XI Composition before Composition at end Oxides V Oxides Molal ratio Oata- Sol- 080, Cata- Sollyst, vent, lbs. lyst, vent, gg! gg f EtO, PrO, BuO, lbs. lbs. me, 1910, BuO, lbs. lbs. m

lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. suscept susoept.

cmpd. cmpd.

. 60.0 43. 5 l. 5 14. 7O 14. 65 7. 25 60.0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 33.0 207 24, 880 60.0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14.65 14. 50 60.0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 66 207 26, 330 60. 43. 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 21. 75 60. 0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 99 207 27, 780 60. 0 r 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 29. 0 60.0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 132 207 29, 230 60. O 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 36. 60. 0 43. 5 1. 5 1,4. 70 165 207 30, 680 60. 0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14.65 43.50 60. 0 43. 5 1. 5 14.70 198 207 32, 130 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15. 33 15. 25 7. 75 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15.33 I 35. 2 116. 25 10, 656 40.5 46.5 1. 5 15. 33 15.25 15. 40.5 46. 5' 1. 5 15. 33 70. 4 116. 25 12, 200 40.5 46.5 1.5 15. 33 15. 25 23. 25 40.5 46. 5 1. 5 15. 33 105. 6 116. 25 i 13, 750 40.5 46.5 1. 5 15. 33 15.25 31.0 40.5 46. 5 1. 5 15. 33 140. 8 116'. 25 15, 330 40. 5 46. 5 1.5 15. 33 15.25 40.50 40.5 46.5 1. 5 15. 33 184. 0 116. 25 27, 200 40.5 46. 5 1. 5 15.33 15.25 46. 5 40.5 46.5 1. 5 15. 33 211. 2 116. 25 29. 28, 400 56.0 35.0 1.0 13. 69 13.55 6. 75 56.0 35. 0 1. 0 13.69 30. 7 192.8 19, 460 56. 0 35.0 1.0 13. 69 13. 13. 50 56.0 35. 0 1. 0 13. 69 61. 4 192. 8 97. 25 20, 810 56. 0 35.0 1. 0 13. 69 13. 55 20. 25 56.0 35.0 1. 0 13. 69 92. 1 192. 8 97. 25 22, 160 13.55 56. 0 35.0 1. 0 13.69 13.55 27. 00 56. 0 35.0 1.0 13. 69 122, 8 192. 8 97. 25 23, 510 13. 55 56. 0 35.0 1. 0 13. 69 13. 55 35. 00 56.0 35.0 1. 0 13. 69 159. 2 192. 8 97. 25 25, 110 13. 55 56.0 35. 0 1. 0 13.69 13. 55 56.00 56. 0 35. 0 1. 0 13.69 254. 5 192. 8 97. 25 29, 310 14. 15. 0 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 15.0 14. 5 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 68. 2 50.0 20. 1 13, 830 14. 65 15. 0 14. 5 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 15. 0 29. 0 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 68. 2 100. 0 20. 1 18, 830 14. 65 15.0 29. 0 14.5 1. 5 14.70 14. 65 15.0 43. 5 14.5 1. 5 14.70 68. 2 150. 0 20. 1 14. 65 15.0 43. 5 14. 5 l. 5 14.70 14. 65 15.0 58.0 14.5 1. 5 14. 70 68. 2 200.0 20. 1 14. 65 15. 0 58. 0 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 15. 0 72. 5 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 68. 2 250. 0 20. 1 14. 65 15. 0 73. 5 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14.65 15. 0 87.0 14. 5 l. 5 14. 70 68. 2 300. 0 20. 1 15. 25 15. 5 23. 25 1. 5 15.33 15.25 15. 5 7. 23. 25 1. 5 15.33 70. 4 26. 7 64. 65 15. 5 7. 75 23. 25 1. 5 15.33 15. 25 15. 5 15. 5 23.25 1. 5 15. 33 70.4 53. 4 64. 65 15. 5 15. 50 23. 25 1. 5 15. 33 15. 25 15. 5 23. 25 23.25 1. 5 15.33 70. 4 80. 1 64. 65 15. 5 23. 25 23.25 1. 5 15.33 15.25 15.5 31.0 23.25 1. 5 15.33 70.4 106. 8 64. 65 15.5 31.0 23.25 1. 5 15.33 15.25 15. 5 46.5 23.25 1. 5 15.33 70.4 160, 2 64. 65 15. 5 46. 5 23. 25 1. 5 15. 33 15. 25 15. 5 62. 0 23. 25 1. 5 15. 33 70. 4 213. 6 64. 65 14.0 28. 0 1. 5 13.69 13.55 14. 0 7. 0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 69 63.6 24. 1 77. 8 14.0 7.0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 69 13.55 14.0 14. 0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 69, 63.6 48. 2 77. 8 14.0 14.0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 69 13.55 14.0 14.0 28.0 1. 5 13. 69 63. 6 72. 3 77. 8 14. 0 21.0 28.0 1. 5 13. 69 13. 55 14.0 14.0 28. 0 1. 5 13.69 63.6 96. .4 77. 8 14. 0 28. 0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 69 13. 55 14. 0 42.0 28.0 l. 5 13. 69 63. 6 144. 6 77. 8 14. 0 42. 0 28.0 1. 5 13. 69 13. 55 14. 0 56.0 28.0 1. 5 13. 69 63. 6 192. 4 77.8

TABLE XII Max. Solubility pres., Time, p. s. 1. hrs.

Water Xylene Kerosene 1015 Emulsiflable. Soluble Insoluble. 1015 S lublo d Do. 10-15 D0. 1015 DO. 1015 Do. 1015 D0. 1015 D0. 1015 DO. 1015 D0. 1015 D0. 1015 D0. 1015 D0. 1015 D0. 1015 D0. 1015 D0. 1015 D0. 1015 D0, 1015 D0. 1015 D0. 0 Disperslble. 1015 Soluble. 1015 Do, 1015 D0, 1015 D 0 Insoluble. 1015 Dispersible. 1016 Soluble. 1015 Do, 1015 Do 10-15 1): 1015 Insoluble. 1015 Dlsperslble. 1015 Soluble. 1015 Do, 1015 D 1015 D0, 1015 Insoluble. 1015 D 1015 D 1015 D 1015 D 1015 Soluble. 1015 Insoluble. 1015 Do, 1015 Do. 1015 I)o 1015 D 1015 Soluble. 1015 Insoluble. 1015 1015 1015 1015 p., 1015 Soluble. 

1. A PROCESS FOR BREAKING PETROLEUM EMULSIONS OF THE WATER-IN-OIL TYPE CHARACTERIZED BY SUBJECTING THE EMULSION TO THE ACTION OF A DEMULSIFIER, SAID DEMULSIFIER BEING OBTAINED BY A 3-STEP MANUFACTURING METHOD INVOLVING (1) CONDENSATION; (2) OXYALKYLATION WITH A POLYEPOXIDE; AND (3) OXYALKYLATION WITH A MONOEPOXIDE; SAID FIRST MANUFACTURING PROCESS BEING A STEP OF (A) CONDENSING (A) AND OXYALKYLATION-SUSCEPTIBLE, FUSIBLE, NON-OXYGENATED ORGANIC SOLVENT-SOLUBLE, WATER-INSOLUBLE, LOW-STAGE, PHENOL-ALDEHYDE RESIN HAVING AN AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT CORRESPONDING TO AT LEAST 3 AND NOT OVER 6 PHENOLIC NUCLEI PER RESIN MOLECULE; SAID RESIN BEING DIFUNCTIONAL ONLY IN REGARD TO METHYLOL-FORMING REACTIVITY; SAID RESIN BEING DERIVED BY REACTION BETWEEN A DIFUNCTIONAL MONOHYDRIC PHENOL AND AN ALDEHYDE HAVING NOT OVER 8 CARBON ATOMS AND AN ALDEHYDE HAVING NOT OVER 8 CARBON ATOMS AND IN THE SUBSTANTIAL ABSENCE OF TRIFUNCTIONAL PHENOLS; SAID PHENOL BEING OF THE FORMULA 